From 77012adbc6a4ad642677f05a58b5bc8a673007c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kelsi <kelsihates2fa@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 05:55:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] Add alpha-tested foliage shadows: per-batch texture binding
 and shadow map receiving

Shadow casting: foliage batches now bind their actual texture in the shadow
pass with alpha testing, producing leaf-shaped shadows instead of solid cards.
Uses a per-frame resettable descriptor pool for texture sets.

Shadow receiving: foliage fragments now sample the shadow map with PCF
instead of using a flat constant darkening.
---
 assets/shaders/m2.frag.glsl       |  34 +++++-----
 assets/shaders/m2.frag.spv        | Bin 15880 -> 17124 bytes
 include/rendering/m2_renderer.hpp |   2 +
 src/rendering/m2_renderer.cpp     | 100 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/assets/shaders/m2.frag.glsl b/assets/shaders/m2.frag.glsl
index 9e12129e..9814a99b 100644
--- a/assets/shaders/m2.frag.glsl
+++ b/assets/shaders/m2.frag.glsl
@@ -125,32 +125,26 @@ void main() {
     } else {
         vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos.xyz - FragPos);
 
-        // Foliage: no specular, no shadow map — both flicker on swaying thin cards
         float spec = 0.0;
         float shadow = 1.0;
-        if (isFoliage) {
-            // Use a fixed gentle shadow from the shadow system strength
-            if (shadowParams.x > 0.5) {
-                shadow = mix(1.0, 0.75, shadowParams.y);
-            }
-        } else {
+        if (!isFoliage) {
             vec3 halfDir = normalize(ldir + viewDir);
             spec = pow(max(dot(norm, halfDir), 0.0), 32.0) * specularIntensity;
+        }
 
-            if (shadowParams.x > 0.5) {
-                float normalOffset = SHADOW_TEXEL * 2.0 * (1.0 - abs(dot(norm, ldir)));
-                vec3 biasedPos = FragPos + norm * normalOffset;
-                vec4 lsPos = lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(biasedPos, 1.0);
-                vec3 proj = lsPos.xyz / lsPos.w;
-                proj.xy = proj.xy * 0.5 + 0.5;
-                if (proj.x >= 0.0 && proj.x <= 1.0 &&
-                    proj.y >= 0.0 && proj.y <= 1.0 &&
-                    proj.z >= 0.0 && proj.z <= 1.0) {
-                    float bias = max(0.0005 * (1.0 - abs(dot(norm, ldir))), 0.00005);
-                    shadow = sampleShadowPCF(uShadowMap, vec3(proj.xy, proj.z - bias));
-                }
-                shadow = mix(1.0, shadow, shadowParams.y);
+        if (shadowParams.x > 0.5) {
+            float normalOffset = SHADOW_TEXEL * 2.0 * (1.0 - abs(dot(norm, ldir)));
+            vec3 biasedPos = FragPos + norm * normalOffset;
+            vec4 lsPos = lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(biasedPos, 1.0);
+            vec3 proj = lsPos.xyz / lsPos.w;
+            proj.xy = proj.xy * 0.5 + 0.5;
+            if (proj.x >= 0.0 && proj.x <= 1.0 &&
+                proj.y >= 0.0 && proj.y <= 1.0 &&
+                proj.z >= 0.0 && proj.z <= 1.0) {
+                float bias = max(0.0005 * (1.0 - abs(dot(norm, ldir))), 0.00005);
+                shadow = sampleShadowPCF(uShadowMap, vec3(proj.xy, proj.z - bias));
             }
+            shadow = mix(1.0, shadow, shadowParams.y);
         }
 
         // Leaf subsurface scattering (foliage only) — uses stable normal, no FragPos dependency
diff --git a/assets/shaders/m2.frag.spv b/assets/shaders/m2.frag.spv
index 273a749132f4c0c50af75d340fe53639795250da..fef212fa22072a2521581ff036519e1b709a0af1 100644
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diff --git a/include/rendering/m2_renderer.hpp b/include/rendering/m2_renderer.hpp
index 265aeddc..02411660 100644
--- a/include/rendering/m2_renderer.hpp
+++ b/include/rendering/m2_renderer.hpp
@@ -326,6 +326,8 @@ private:
     VkDescriptorSet shadowParamsSet_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     ::VkBuffer shadowParamsUBO_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VmaAllocation shadowParamsAlloc_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    // Per-frame pool for foliage shadow texture descriptor sets
+    VkDescriptorPool shadowTexPool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
     // Particle pipelines
     VkPipeline particlePipeline_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;       // M2 emitter particles
diff --git a/src/rendering/m2_renderer.cpp b/src/rendering/m2_renderer.cpp
index 773379fb..0c3d9b17 100644
--- a/src/rendering/m2_renderer.cpp
+++ b/src/rendering/m2_renderer.cpp
@@ -698,6 +698,7 @@ void M2Renderer::shutdown() {
     // Destroy shadow resources
     destroyPipeline(shadowPipeline_);
     if (shadowPipelineLayout_) { vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, shadowPipelineLayout_, nullptr); shadowPipelineLayout_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+    if (shadowTexPool_) { vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, shadowTexPool_, nullptr); shadowTexPool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
     if (shadowParamsPool_) { vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, shadowParamsPool_, nullptr); shadowParamsPool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
     if (shadowParamsLayout_) { vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, shadowParamsLayout_, nullptr); shadowParamsLayout_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
     if (shadowParamsUBO_) { vmaDestroyBuffer(alloc, shadowParamsUBO_, shadowParamsAlloc_); shadowParamsUBO_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
@@ -2542,6 +2543,24 @@ bool M2Renderer::initializeShadow(VkRenderPass shadowRenderPass) {
     writes[1].pBufferInfo = &bufInfo;
     vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 2, writes, 0, nullptr);
 
+    // Per-frame pool for foliage shadow texture sets (reset each frame)
+    {
+        VkDescriptorPoolSize texPoolSizes[2]{};
+        texPoolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+        texPoolSizes[0].descriptorCount = 256;
+        texPoolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+        texPoolSizes[1].descriptorCount = 256;
+        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo texPoolCI{};
+        texPoolCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+        texPoolCI.maxSets = 256;
+        texPoolCI.poolSizeCount = 2;
+        texPoolCI.pPoolSizes = texPoolSizes;
+        if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &texPoolCI, nullptr, &shadowTexPool_) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR("M2Renderer: failed to create shadow texture pool");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Create shadow pipeline layout: set 1 = shadowParamsLayout_, push constants = 128 bytes
     VkPushConstantRange pc{};
     pc.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
@@ -2613,23 +2632,74 @@ void M2Renderer::renderShadow(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMa
     if (instances.empty() || models.empty()) return;
 
     struct ShadowPush { glm::mat4 lightSpaceMatrix; glm::mat4 model; };
+    struct ShadowParamsUBO {
+        int32_t useBones = 0;
+        int32_t useTexture = 0;
+        int32_t alphaTest = 0;
+        int32_t foliageSway = 0;
+        float windTime = 0.0f;
+        float foliageMotionDamp = 1.0f;
+    };
     const float shadowRadiusSq = shadowRadius * shadowRadius;
 
+    // Reset per-frame texture descriptor pool for foliage alpha-test sets
+    if (shadowTexPool_) {
+        vkResetDescriptorPool(vkCtx_->getDevice(), shadowTexPool_, 0);
+    }
+    // Cache: texture imageView -> allocated descriptor set (avoids duplicates within frame)
+    std::unordered_map<VkImageView, VkDescriptorSet> texSetCache;
+
+    auto getTexDescSet = [&](VkTexture* tex) -> VkDescriptorSet {
+        VkImageView iv = tex->getImageView();
+        auto cacheIt = texSetCache.find(iv);
+        if (cacheIt != texSetCache.end()) return cacheIt->second;
+
+        VkDescriptorSet set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo ai{};
+        ai.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+        ai.descriptorPool = shadowTexPool_;
+        ai.descriptorSetCount = 1;
+        ai.pSetLayouts = &shadowParamsLayout_;
+        if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(vkCtx_->getDevice(), &ai, &set) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            return shadowParamsSet_; // fallback to white texture
+        }
+        VkDescriptorImageInfo imgInfo{};
+        imgInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+        imgInfo.imageView = iv;
+        imgInfo.sampler = tex->getSampler();
+        VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufInfo{};
+        bufInfo.buffer = shadowParamsUBO_;
+        bufInfo.offset = 0;
+        bufInfo.range = sizeof(ShadowParamsUBO);
+        VkWriteDescriptorSet writes[2]{};
+        writes[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+        writes[0].dstSet = set;
+        writes[0].dstBinding = 0;
+        writes[0].descriptorCount = 1;
+        writes[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+        writes[0].pImageInfo = &imgInfo;
+        writes[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+        writes[1].dstSet = set;
+        writes[1].dstBinding = 1;
+        writes[1].descriptorCount = 1;
+        writes[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+        writes[1].pBufferInfo = &bufInfo;
+        vkUpdateDescriptorSets(vkCtx_->getDevice(), 2, writes, 0, nullptr);
+        texSetCache[iv] = set;
+        return set;
+    };
+
     // Helper lambda to draw instances with a given foliageSway setting
     auto drawPass = [&](bool foliagePass) {
-        // Update ShadowParams UBO for this pass
-        struct ShadowParamsUBO {
-            int32_t useBones = 0;
-            int32_t useTexture = 0;
-            int32_t alphaTest = 0;
-            int32_t foliageSway = 0;
-            float windTime = 0.0f;
-            float foliageMotionDamp = 1.0f;
-        };
         ShadowParamsUBO params{};
         params.foliageSway = foliagePass ? 1 : 0;
         params.windTime = globalTime;
         params.foliageMotionDamp = 1.0f;
+        // For foliage pass: enable texture+alphaTest in UBO (per-batch textures bound below)
+        if (foliagePass) {
+            params.useTexture = 1;
+            params.alphaTest = 1;
+        }
 
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo{};
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(vkCtx_->getAllocator(), shadowParamsAlloc_, &allocInfo);
@@ -2670,6 +2740,16 @@ void M2Renderer::renderShadow(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMa
 
             for (const auto& batch : model.batches) {
                 if (batch.submeshLevel > 0) continue;
+                // For foliage: bind per-batch texture for alpha-tested shadows
+                if (foliagePass && batch.hasAlpha && batch.texture) {
+                    VkDescriptorSet texSet = getTexDescSet(batch.texture);
+                    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, shadowPipelineLayout_,
+                        0, 1, &texSet, 0, nullptr);
+                } else if (foliagePass) {
+                    // Non-alpha batch: rebind default set (white texture, alpha test passes)
+                    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, shadowPipelineLayout_,
+                        0, 1, &shadowParamsSet_, 0, nullptr);
+                }
                 vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmd, batch.indexCount, 1, batch.indexStart, 0, 0);
             }
         }
@@ -2677,7 +2757,7 @@ void M2Renderer::renderShadow(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMa
 
     // Pass 1: non-foliage (no wind displacement)
     drawPass(false);
-    // Pass 2: foliage (wind displacement enabled)
+    // Pass 2: foliage (wind displacement enabled, per-batch alpha-tested textures)
     drawPass(true);
 }