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chore(build): use SDL3
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vendor/sdl-3.2.10/docs/README-main-functions.md
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vendor/sdl-3.2.10/docs/README-main-functions.md
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# Where an SDL program starts running.
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## History
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SDL has a long, complicated history with starting a program.
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In most of the civilized world, an application starts in a C-callable
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function named "main". You probably learned it a long time ago:
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```c
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int main(int argc, char **argv)
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{
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printf("Hello world!\n");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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But not all platforms work like this. Windows apps might want a different
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function named "WinMain", for example, so SDL set out to paper over this
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difference.
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Generally how this would work is: your app would always use the "standard"
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`main(argc, argv)` function as its entry point, and `#include` the proper
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SDL header before that, which did some macro magic. On platforms that used
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a standard `main`, it would do nothing and what you saw was what you got.
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But those other platforms! If they needed something that _wasn't_ `main`,
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SDL's macro magic would quietly rename your function to `SDL_main`, and
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provide its own entry point that called it. Your app was none the wiser and
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your code worked everywhere without changes.
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## The main entry point in SDL3
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Previous versions of SDL had a static library, SDLmain, that you would link
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your app against. SDL3 still has the same macro tricks, but the static library
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is gone. Now it's supplied by a "single-header library," which means you
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`#include <SDL3/SDL_main.h>` and that header will insert a small amount of
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code into the source file that included it, so you no longer have to worry
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about linking against an extra library that you might need on some platforms.
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You just build your app and it works.
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You should _only_ include SDL_main.h from one file (the umbrella header,
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SDL.h, does _not_ include it), and know that it will `#define main` to
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something else, so if you use this symbol elsewhere as a variable name, etc,
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it can cause you unexpected problems.
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SDL_main.h will also include platform-specific code (WinMain or whatnot) that
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calls your _actual_ main function. This is compiled directly into your
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program.
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If for some reason you need to include SDL_main.h in a file but also _don't_
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want it to generate this platform-specific code, you should define a special
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macro before including the header:
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```c
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#define SDL_MAIN_NOIMPL
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```
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If you are moving from SDL2, remove any references to the SDLmain static
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library from your build system, and you should be done. Things should work as
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they always have.
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If you have never controlled your process's entry point (you are using SDL
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as a module from a general-purpose scripting language interpreter, or you're
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using SDL in a plugin for some otherwise-unrelated app), then there is nothing
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required of you here; there is no startup code in SDL's entry point code that
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is required, so using SDL_main.h is completely optional. Just start using
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the SDL API when you are ready.
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## Main callbacks in SDL3
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There is a second option in SDL3 for how to structure your program. This is
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completely optional and you can ignore it if you're happy using a standard
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"main" function.
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Some platforms would rather your program operate in chunks. Most of the time,
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games tend to look like this at the highest level:
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```c
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int main(int argc, char **argv)
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{
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initialize();
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while (keep_running()) {
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handle_new_events();
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do_one_frame_of_stuff();
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}
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deinitialize();
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}
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```
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There are platforms that would rather be in charge of that `while` loop:
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iOS would rather you return from main() immediately and then it will let you
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know that it's time to update and draw the next frame of video. Emscripten
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(programs that run on a web page) absolutely requires this to function at all.
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Video targets like Wayland can notify the app when to draw a new frame, to
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save battery life and cooperate with the compositor more closely.
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In most cases, you can add special-case code to your program to deal with this
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on different platforms, but SDL3 offers a system to handle this transparently on
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the app's behalf.
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To use this, you have to redesign the highest level of your app a little. Once
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you do, it'll work on all supported SDL platforms without problems and
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`#ifdef`s in your code.
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Instead of providing a "main" function, under this system, you would provide
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several functions that SDL will call as appropriate.
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Using the callback entry points works on every platform, because on platforms
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that don't require them, we can fake them with a simple loop in an internal
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implementation of the usual SDL_main.
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The primary way we expect people to write SDL apps is still with SDL_main, and
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this is not intended to replace it. If the app chooses to use this, it just
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removes some platform-specific details they might have to otherwise manage,
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and maybe removes a barrier to entry on some future platform. And you might
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find you enjoy structuring your program like this more!
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## How to use main callbacks in SDL3
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To enable the callback entry points, you include SDL_main.h with an extra define,
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from a single source file in your project:
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```c
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#define SDL_MAIN_USE_CALLBACKS
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#include <SDL3/SDL_main.h>
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```
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Once you do this, you do not write a "main" function at all (and if you do,
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the app will likely fail to link). Instead, you provide the following
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functions:
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First:
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```c
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SDL_AppResult SDL_AppInit(void **appstate, int argc, char **argv);
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```
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This will be called _once_ before anything else. argc/argv work like they
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always do. If this returns SDL_APP_CONTINUE, the app runs. If it returns
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SDL_APP_FAILURE, the app calls SDL_AppQuit and terminates with an exit
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code that reports an error to the platform. If it returns SDL_APP_SUCCESS,
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the app calls SDL_AppQuit and terminates with an exit code that reports
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success to the platform. This function should not go into an infinite
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mainloop; it should do any one-time startup it requires and then return.
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If you want to, you can assign a pointer to `*appstate`, and this pointer
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will be made available to you in later functions calls in their `appstate`
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parameter. This allows you to avoid global variables, but is totally
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optional. If you don't set this, the pointer will be NULL in later function
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calls.
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Then:
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```c
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SDL_AppResult SDL_AppIterate(void *appstate);
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```
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This is called over and over, possibly at the refresh rate of the display or
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some other metric that the platform dictates. This is where the heart of your
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app runs. It should return as quickly as reasonably possible, but it's not a
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"run one memcpy and that's all the time you have" sort of thing. The app
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should do any game updates, and render a frame of video. If it returns
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SDL_APP_FAILURE, SDL will call SDL_AppQuit and terminate the process with an
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exit code that reports an error to the platform. If it returns
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SDL_APP_SUCCESS, the app calls SDL_AppQuit and terminates with an exit code
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that reports success to the platform. If it returns SDL_APP_CONTINUE, then
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SDL_AppIterate will be called again at some regular frequency. The platform
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may choose to run this more or less (perhaps less in the background, etc),
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or it might just call this function in a loop as fast as possible. You do
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not check the event queue in this function (SDL_AppEvent exists for that).
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Next:
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```c
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SDL_AppResult SDL_AppEvent(void *appstate, SDL_Event *event);
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```
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This will be called whenever an SDL event arrives. Your app should not call
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SDL_PollEvent, SDL_PumpEvent, etc, as SDL will manage all this for you. Return
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values are the same as from SDL_AppIterate(), so you can terminate in response
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to SDL_EVENT_QUIT, etc.
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Finally:
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```c
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void SDL_AppQuit(void *appstate, SDL_AppResult result);
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```
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This is called once before terminating the app--assuming the app isn't being
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forcibly killed or crashed--as a last chance to clean up. After this returns,
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SDL will call SDL_Quit so the app doesn't have to (but it's safe for the app
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to call it, too). Process termination proceeds as if the app returned normally
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from main(), so atexit handles will run, if your platform supports that.
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If you set `*appstate` during SDL_AppInit, this is where you should free that
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data, as this pointer will not be provided to your app again.
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The SDL_AppResult value that terminated the app is provided here, in case
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it's useful to know if this was a successful or failing run of the app.
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## Summary and Best Practices
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- **Always Include SDL_main.h in One Source File:** When working with SDL,
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remember that SDL_main.h must only be included in one source file in your
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project. Including it in multiple files will lead to conflicts and undefined
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behavior.
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- **Avoid Redefining main:** If you're using SDL's entry point system (which
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renames `main` to `SDL_main`), do not define `main` yourself. SDL takes care
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of this for you, and redefining it can cause issues, especially when linking
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with SDL libraries.
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- **Using SDL's Callback System:** If you're working with more complex
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scenarios, such as requiring more control over your application's flow
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(e.g., with games or apps that need extensive event handling), consider
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using SDL's callback system. Define the necessary callbacks and SDL will
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handle initialization, event processing, and cleanup automatically.
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- **Platform-Specific Considerations:** On platforms like Windows, SDL handles
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the platform-specific entry point (like `WinMain`) automatically. This means
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you don't need to worry about writing platform-specific entry code when
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using SDL.
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- **When to Skip SDL_main.h:** If you do not require SDL's custom entry point
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(for example, if you're integrating SDL into an existing application or a
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scripting environment), you can omit SDL_main.h. However, this will limit
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SDL's ability to abstract away platform-specific entry point details.
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